Building public-private partnerships for agricultural innovation:

Public-private partnerships are a new way of carrying out research and development (R&D) in Latin America's agricultural sector. These partnerships spur innovation for agricultural development and have various advantages over other institutional arrangements fostering R&D. This report summarizes the experiences of a research project that analyzed 125 public-private research partnerships (PPPs) in 12 Latin American countries. The analysis indicates that several types of partnerships have emerged in response to the various needs of the different partners. Nevertheless, public-private partnerships are not always the most appropriate mechanism by which to carry out R&D and foster innovation in agriculture. Sometimes, it is more efficient to organize research via participatory projects or through research contracts.Public-private partnerships, Agricultural innovations, Capacity strengthening, Agricultural research,

Plan táctico operativo de marketing para el negocio Industria de Cereales El Progreso.

El presente documento incorpora los elementos más importantes de un plan de marketing para el negocio Industria de Cereales El Progreso, la cual es una microempresa perteneciente al sector comercio al por mayor y comercialización de pinolillo, pinol y cacao en polvo

Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after third molar surgery : a parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Preemptive analgesia is considered an alternative for treating the postsurgical pain of third molar removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preemptive analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after a mandibular third molar surgery. A parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out. Thirty patients were randomized into two treatment groups using a series of random numbers: Group A, oral ketorolac 10 mg plus intramuscular placebo (1 mL saline solution); or Group B, oral placebo (similar tablet to oral ketorolac) plus intramuscular tramadol 50 mg diluted in 1 mL saline solution. These treatments were given 30 min before the surgery. We evaluated the time of first analgesic rescue medication, pain intensity, total analgesic consumption and adverse effects. Patients taking oral ketorolac had longer time of analgesic covering and less postoperative pain when compared with patients receiving intramuscular tramadol. According to the VAS and AUC results, this study suggests that 10 mg of oral ketorolac had superior analgesic effect than 50 mg of tramadol when administered before a mandibular third molar surgery

Preemptive analgesic effectiveness of oral ketorolac plus local tramadol after impacted mandibular third molar surgery

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare preemptive analgesia of oral ketorolac plus submucous local placebo with oral ketorolac plus submucous local tramadol after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Study design: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Patients were randomized into two treatment groups (n = 15 per group): group A, oral ketorolac 10 mg, 30 minutes before surgery plus submucous local placebo (1 mL saline solution); group B, oral ketorolac 10 mg, 30 minutes before surgery plus submucous local tramadol (50 mg diluted in 1 mL saline solution). We evaluated the intensity of pain, time for the first analgesic rescue medication, and total analgesic consumption. Results: Pain intensity, number of patients requiring analgesic rescue medication, number of patients in each group not requiring analgesic rescue medication, and total analgesic consumption showed statistical significance. Conclusions: Preemptive use of oral ketorolac plus submucous local tramadol is an alternative treatment for acute pain after surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar. © Medicina Oral S. L

PERCEPCIONES RELACIONADAS CON LA TUBERCULOSIS PULMONAR, EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DEL SUR DEL ESTADO DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO.

En México la tuberculosis pulmonar sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y se le sigue considerando como endémica. Toda vez que su variabilidad epidemiológica se puede atribuir al surgimiento de cepas resistentes, como causa del tratamiento inadecuado y a la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes como el VIH/SIDA, diabetes mellitus, enfermedades crónicas pulmonares y desnutrición, entre otras. El presente estudio pretende contribuir al conocimiento de latuberculosis mediante la construcción y significados culturales que adquiere este padecimiento entre las personas enfermas en sur del Estado de Nuevo León, México. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo (de enero a mayo del 2003) mediante entrevistas personalizadas y aplicación de una encuesta a pacientes que habían padecido o padecen tuberculosis pulmonar, desde 1996 al mes demayo de 2003, en los municipios del sur del Estado de Nuevo León (México). En general, los pacientes mencionaron, que los malos hábitos higiénicos, la pobre disponibilidad de alimentos aunado a la falta de educación en la preparación de los mismos, así como a factores de riesgos laborales provocados por el entorno y al consumo de alcohol y tabaco, son las causas principales de la manifestación de la enfermedad. Estos factores fijan en común agentes que inducen la enfermedad como el estilo de vida y la pobreza en que subsisten las personas entrevistadas; y además evidencian un bajo conocimiento de la enfermedadPalabras clave: tuberculosis pulmonar, conocimientos, actitudes; Nuevo León, México.   pulmonary tuberculosis, knowledge, attitudes, Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Formando alianzas público-privadas para la innovación agrícola: Seguridad alimentaria en la práctica

Public-private partnership, Agricultural innovation,

Plant characterization of genetically modified maize hybrids MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3, MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6, and MON-ØØ6Ø3-6: alternatives for maize production in Mexico

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops is a process to evaluate whether the biotechnology trait(s) in a GM crop may result in increased pest potential or harm to the environment. In this analysis, two GM insect-resistant (IR) herbicide-tolerant maize hybrids (MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) and one herbicide-tolerant GM hybrid (MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) were compared with conventional maize hybrids of similar genetic backgrounds. Two sets of studies, Experimental Phase and Pilot Phase, were conducted across five ecological regions (ecoregions) in Mexico during 2009–2013, and data were subject to meta-analysis. Results from the Experimental Phase studies, which were used for ERA, indicated that the three GM hybrids were not different from conventional maize for early stand count, days-tosilking, days-to-anthesis, root lodging, stalk lodging, or final stand count. Statistically significant differences were observed for seedling vigor, ear height, plant height, grain moisture, and grain yield, particularly in the IR hybrids; however, none of these phenotypic differences are expected to contribute to a biological or ecological change that would result in an increased pest potential or ecological risk when cultivating these GM hybrids. Overall, results from the Experimental Phase studies are consistent with those from other world regions, confirming that there are no additional risks compared to conventional maize. Results from Pilot Phase studies indicated that, compared to conventional maize hybrids, no differences were detected for the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics measured on the three GM maize hybrids, with the exception of grain moisture and grain yield in the IR hybrids. Since MON-89Ø34- 3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MONØØ6Ø3- 6 confer resistance to target insect pests, they are an alternative for farmers in Mexico to protect the crop from insect damage. Additionally, the herbicide tolerance conferred by all three GM hybrids enables more cost-effective weed management

Control y observador super-twisting aplicado al modelo matemático no lineal de un generador síncrono

Electronic power systems are used to supply electricity to society. For proper operation, it is necessary to maintain adequate voltage and current levels. One of the systems responsible for supplying this power to the network is the synchronous generator. In this work, the Super-Twisting control algorithm is applied to guarantee power at a constant frequency. To provide the generator with the robustness characteristic of sliding modes, reducing the effect of chatter. For the application of Super-Twisting control, a first control structure and an observer are used. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control, considering disturbances in the mechanical torque and short circuit. The control signal is not continuous, however little chattering effect is observed. In addition, considering the dynamics that are difficult to measure, an observer based on Super-Twisting is applied to provide the information, of these dynamics, to de control.Para suministrar energía eléctrica a la sociedad, se utilizan sistemas electrónicos de potencia. Para su correcto funcionamiento, es necesario mantener niveles adecuados de voltaje y corriente. Uno de los sistemas encargados de suministrar esa potencia la red, es el generador síncrono. En este trabajo se aplica el algoritmo de control Super-Twisting, para garantizar una potencia a una frecuencia constante. Con la finalidad de proporcionarle al generador la robustez característica de los modos deslizantes, disminuyendo el efecto de chattering. Para la aplicación del control por Super-Twisting se utiliza una primera estructura de control y un observador. Los resultados de simulación muestran la efectividad del control propuesto, tomando en cuenta perturbaciones en el par mecánico y corto circuito. La señal de control no es continua, sin embargo, se observa poco efecto de chattering. Además, considerando las dinámicas de difícil medición, se aplica un observador basado en Super-Twisting para proporcionar la información, de ésta dinámicas, al control

Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in Maize: Implications for Isolation Requirements and Coexistence in Mexico, the Center of Origin of Maize

Mexico, the center of origin of maize (Zea mays L.), has taken actions to preserve the identity and diversity of maize landraces and wild relatives. Historically, spatial isolation has been used in seed production to maintain seed purity. Spatial isolation can also be a key component for a strategy to minimize pollen-mediated gene flow in Mexico between transgenic maize and sexually compatible plants of maize conventional hybrids, landraces, and wild relatives. The objective of this research was to generate field maize-to-maize outcrossing data to help guide coexistence discussions in Mexico. In this study, outcrossing rates were determined and modeled from eight locations in six northern states, which represent the most economically important areas for the cultivation of hybrid maize in Mexico. At each site, pollen source plots were planted with a yellow-kernel maize hybrid and surrounded by plots with a white-kernel conventional maize hybrid (pollen recipient) of the same maturity. Outcrossing rates were then quantified by assessing the number of yellow kernels harvested from white-kernel hybrid plots. The highest outcrossing values were observed near the pollen source (12.9% at 1 m distance). The outcrossing levels declined sharply to 4.6, 2.7, 1.4, 1.0, 0.9, 0.5, and 0.5% as the distance from the pollen source increased to 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 25 m, respectively. At distances beyond 20 m outcrossing values at all locations were below 1%. These trends are consistent with studies conducted in other world regions. The results suggest that coexistence measures that have been implemented in other geographies, such as spatial isolation, would be successful in Mexico to minimize transgenic maize pollen flow to conventional maize hybrids, landraces and wild relatives